Peptides for treating cancer

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to peptides for inhibiting angiogenesis. The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and methods of treating disorders associated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability using the peptides of the invention.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/058,938 filed Mar. 2, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/126,968, filed on Mar. 2, 2015. Theentire contents of these applications are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to peptides for inhibiting angiogenesis.The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting angiogenesisand methods of treating disorders associated with VEGF-induced vascularpermeability using the peptides of the invention.

BACKGROUND

Microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton provides an important control-point ofendothelial barrier regulation; however, the role of this keycytoskeleton element has not been well studied. The MT stabilizing drugtaxol has been shown to attenuate the endothelial vascular leakage inmice models of lung inflammation suggesting that MTs may be important inmediating increased lung vascular permeability. However, taxol displaysa general toxicity that makes it an inconvenient drug for doctors andtheir patients.

Microtubule end binding proteins are highly conserved microtubuleplus-end tracking accessory factors that bind to growing microtubules(MTs) and suppress MT catastrophic events. Two such end bindingproteins, EB1 and EB3, play roles in regulating endothelial cytoskeletaldynamics and cell shape change, the primary determinants of thepermeability of endothelial barrier.

Ca²⁺ is a highly versatile second messenger that regulates endothelialpermeability and vascular homeostasis. The activation of phospholipase Cβ(PLCβ), downstream of pro-inflammatory mediators promotes hydrolysis ofphosphotidyl inositolbisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP₃ stimulates Ca²⁺release from IP₃-sensitive intracellular stores, i.e., the endoplasmicreticulum (ER). The depletion of Ca²⁺ from ER stores is mediated byactivation of IP₃R on the ER membrane and leads to transient increase inintracellular Ca²⁺. Ca²⁺ entry or “influx” is mediated by transientreceptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels that are permeable tovarious cations including Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. TRPC1 and 4 are store-operatedCa²⁺ channels (SOC) in endothelial lung microvascular cells that areactivated by depletion of ER.

The increase in intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ up-regulatesactivity of protein kinase Cα (PKC α). PKC α is a key regulator of theendothelial permeability response to multiple mediators includingVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). PKC α phosphorylatesp120-catenin and mediates its dissociation from VE-cadherin, thusresulting in VE-cadherin internalization PKC α also acts upstream ofRhoA activation by phosphorylating p115RhoGEF and GDI-1. RhoA in turnfacilitates phosphorylation-induced inhibition of myosin light chainphosphatase (MLCP) by activating Rho kinase (ROCK). The inhibition ofMLCP is accompanied by the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent activation of MLCKthat leads to phosphorylation of MLC and induces acto-myosin contractionin response to pro-inflammatory mediators such as thrombin and histamineand growth factors.

The integrity of MT cytoskeleton is required for IP₃-induced Ca²⁺release from ER stores. Alteration of MT dynamics by MT destabilizing orMT stabilizing agents nocodazole, colchicine and taxol inhibitsIP₃-gated release of Ca²⁺, suggesting that MT dynamics are required forfull activation of IP₃R. The MT cytoskeleton is involved in remodelingof ER, thus ensuring organization and propagation of Ca²⁺ waves inresponse to external stimuli. The ER attaches to and elongates togetherwith MT growing ends though direct interaction of EB1 and EB3 withstromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). Depletion of EB1 in HeLa (HeLacells do not express EB3) decreases ER protrusion events, however doesnot inhibit activation of SOC by thapsigargin suggesting that some othermechanisms are involved in activation of SOC and propogation of calciumsignaling in epithelial cells. In endothelial cells, the localization ofIP₃R in caveolae is critical for both ER Ca²⁺ store depletion and SOCactivation. This indicates that activation of IP₃R and/or itsresponsiveness to IP₃ is important element of calcium signaling.Consistent with previous findings, we found that MT cytoskeletonpositively regulates IP₃R activation in response to IP₃ and thustransmits extracellular signals throughout the cell, eliciting aphysiological response. EB3 but not EB1 directly interacts with IP₃Rsand this interaction provides a critical control point for organizationof calcium signals in endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to contribute toangiogenesis via direct and indirect methods. VEGF is known to renderthe microvascular endothelial cells hyperpermeable so that the plasmaproteins spill into the extravascular space, leading to clotting ofextravasated fibrogen with deposition of a fibrin gel. The extravascularfibin serves as a matrix that supports the ingrowth of new blood vesselsand other mesenchymal cells that generate mature, vascularized stroma.Thus, inhibition of VEGF-induced vascular permeability will result ininhibition of angiogenesis. Novel therapies are needed to preventVEGF-induced vascular permeability and to inhibit angiogenesis.

The formation of tumor's network of blood vessels, i.e.neovascularization, plays an essential role throughout tumor developmentby helping the tumor to grow and metastasize. Once a tumor lesionexceeds a few millimeters in diameter, hypoxia and nutrient deprivationtriggers an “angiogenic switch.” Tumor cells release vascularendothelial growth factor (VEGF), which stimulates the sprouting andproliferation of endothelial cells. Several anti-angiogenic therapiesare now approved by the FDA for cancer, including the humanizedfunctional-blocking antibody fragment against VEGF-A, Avastin(bevacizumab) and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sorafenib andsunitinib, which target several growth receptors. Thus, therapiescontrolling tumor-associated angiogenesis are a promising tactic inlimiting cancer progression and metastasis.

Loss of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier and the resultantmacular edema and damage are the major causes of eye disorder andblindness in the elderly population. At present, these conditions, alsoknown as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are incurable. Inaddition, the neovascular form of AMD is characterized by growth of theblood vessels from the choroid, which penetrate through Bruch's membraneinto the subretinal area. Some effective therapies to stem the commonunderlying cause of neovascular AMD are limited with the objective ofhindering the vision loss by destroying new vessels arising in thechoroid. Although current treatments with intravitreal injection ofcorticosteroids and anti-VEGF agents are effective in delayingprogression of eye disease, they do not completely eliminate the risk ofblindness. Therefore, novel and more potent therapies or combinationaltherapy approaches for treating eye disorders and preventing vision lossare needed.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Provided herein is an isolated peptide. The peptide may compriseKFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3), a fragmentthereof, or a variant thereof. The peptide may also consist ofKFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3), a fragmentthereof, or a variant thereof. The variant may comprise a conservativesubstitution. The variant may comprise any peptide sequence containingSer/Thr-x-Ile-Pro sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5), minimal EB binding consensusmotif sequence. The peptide may be conjugated to a fatty acid, i.e.myristoylated or linked to a carrier peptide. The carrier peptide may beantennapedia peptide (AP), antennapedia peptide, penetratin peptide,TAT, tranportan or polyarginine. The peptide may be part of apharmaceutical formulation, which may include a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient.

The invention provides for methods of inhibiting angiogenesis comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof an isolated peptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1),FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragments thereof. The methods includeadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of theinvention, such as an amount effective to inhibit angiogenesis. Inaddition, the methods include administering pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of theinvention. The invention provides for a method of treatment in which thepatient in need is suffering from cancer or a disorder associated withVEGF-induced permeability, such as visual impairment or vision loss(blindness), macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion,branch retinal venin occlusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy,neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy ofprematurity, ischemic retinopathy, intraocular neovascularization,corneal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidalneovascularization, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retina ischemia,diabetic retinal edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosisiridis, neovascular glaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graftneovascularization.

The invention also provides for methods of treating a disorderassociated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof an isolated peptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1),FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragments thereof. The methods includeadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of theinvention, such as an amount effective to inhibit VEGF-induced vascularpermeability. In addition, the methods include administeringpharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effectiveamount of a peptide of the invention. The invention provides for amethod of treatment in which the patient in need is suffering fromcancer or a disorder associated with VEGF-induced permeability, such asvisual impairment or vision loss (blindness), macular degeneration,central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal venin occlusionproliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related maculardegeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathy,intraocular neovascularization, corneal neovascularization, retinalneovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macularedema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

In any of the foregoing methods, the peptide administered may be linkedto a carrier peptide such as antennapedia peptide (AP), antennapediapeptide, penetratin peptide, TAT, tranportan or polyarginine. Inaddition, in any of the foregoing methods, the peptide administered maybe conjugated to a fatty acid, e.g. myristoylated.

In any of the foregoing a methods, the isolated peptide comprising theamino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO:3) or a fragments thereof is administered in combination with one ormore VEGF inhibitors, wherein “VEGF inhibitors” refer to anti-VEGFantibodies and fragments thereof, anti-VEGF receptor (anti-VEGFR)antibodies and fragments thereof, antagonistic peptides and smallmolecules which inhibit the activity or signaling pathway of VEGF and/orVEGFR. Exemplary VEGF inhibitors include Bevacizumab (Avastin),Ranibizumab (Lucentis), Pegaptanib (Macugen), Aflibercept (Eylea),Sorafenib (Nexvar), Sunitinib (Sutent), Pazopanib (Votrient), Axitinib(Inlyta), PTK787/ZK222584, ZD-6474, SU6668, PD-547,632, VEGF-Trap,CEP-7055, NM-3, or SU11248.

In any of the foregoing methods of the invention, the isolated peptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1),FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragments thereof may be administered incombination with laser treatment for eye disease, wherein “eye disease”refers to visual impairment or vision loss (blindness), maculardegeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal veninocclusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemicretinopathy, intraocular neovascularization, corneal neovascularization,retinal neovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabeticmacular edema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

In any of the foregoing methods of the invention, the isolated peptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1),FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragments thereof may be administered incombination with a steroid or any current method treatment for eyedisease.

In addition, in any of the methods of the invention, the isolatedpeptide of the invention, VEGF inhibitor, steroid or any other treatmentmay be administered by intravitreal injection or topically such as inthe form of an eye drop.

The invention also provides for an use of an isolated peptide for thepreparation of a medicament for the inhibition of angiogenesis in apatient in need, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequenceof KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragmentsthereof. The uses of the invention include use of the isolated peptideof the invention for the preparation of a medicament comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention, such asan amount effective to inhibit angiogenesis. In addition, the inventionprovides for us of the isolated peptide of the invention for thepreparation of a medicament comprising a composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention. Theinvention provides use of the isolated peptide of the invention for thepreparation of a medicament to administer to a suffering from cancer ora disorder associated with VEGF-induced permeability, such as visualimpairment or vision loss (blindness), macular degeneration, centralretinal vein occlusion, branch retinal venin occlusion proliferativediabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathy, intraocularneovascularization, corneal neovascularization, retinalneovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macularedema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

The invention also provides for the use of an isolated peptide for thepreparation of a medicament for the treatment of a VEGF-induced vasculardisorder, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence ofKFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragmentsthereof. The uses of the invention include use of the isolated peptideof the invention for the preparation of a medicament comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention, such asan amount effective to inhibit VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Inaddition, the invention provides for us of the isolated peptide of theinvention for the preparation of a medicament comprising a compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of theinvention. The invention provides for use of the peptide of theinvention for the preparation of a medicament to administer to a subjectsuffering from cancer or a disorder associated with VEGF-inducedpermeability, such as visual impairment or vision loss (blindness),macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinalvenin occlusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascularage-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity,ischemic retinopathy, intraocular neovascularization, cornealneovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidalneovascularization, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retina ischemia,diabetic retinal edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosisiridis, neovascular glaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graftneovascularization.

In any of the foregoing uses of the invention, the isolated peptideadministered may be linked to a carrier peptide such as antennapediapeptide (AP), antennapedia peptide, penetratin peptide, TAT, tranportanor polyarginine. In addition, in any of the foregoing methods, theisolated peptide administered may be conjugated to a fatty acid, e.g.myristoylated.

In any of the foregoing uses, the isolated peptide comprising the aminoacid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3)or a fragments thereof is administered in combination with one or moreVEGF inhibitors, wherein “VEGF inhibitors” refer to anti-VEGF antibodiesand fragments thereof, anti-VEGFR antibodies and fragments thereof,antagonistic peptides and small molecules which inhibit the activity orsignaling pathway of VEGF or VEGFR. Exemplary VEGF inhibitors includeBevacizumab (Avastin), Ranibizumab (Lucentis), Pegaptanib (Macugen),Aflibercept (Eylea), Sorafenib (Nexvar), Sunitinib (Sutent), Pazopanib(Votrient), Axitinib (Inlyta), PTK787/ZK222584, ZD-6474, SU6668,PD-547,632, VEGF-Trap, CEP-7055, NM-3, or SU11248.

In any of the foregoing uses of the invention, the medicament comprisingthe amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1), FTEIPTI (SEQ IDNO: 3) or fragments thereof may be administered in combination withlaser treatment for eye disease, wherein “eye disease” refers to visualimpairment or vision loss (blindness), macular degeneration, centralretinal vein occlusion, branch retinal venin occlusion proliferativediabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathy, intraocularneovascularization, corneal neovascularization, retinalneovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macularedema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

In any of the foregoing uses of the invention, the medicament may beadministered in combination with a steroid or any current method oftreatment for eye disease.

In addition, in any of the uses of the invention, the medicament may beadministered by intravitreal injection or topically such as in the formof an eye drop.

The invention provides for an isolated peptide for the inhibition ofangiogenesis, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence ofKFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragmentsthereof.

The invention also provides for a composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the invention for theinhibition of angiogenesis. The invention provides for an isolatedpeptide or a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof the peptide for inhibition of angiogenesis in a subject a sufferingfrom cancer or a disorder associated with VEGF-induced permeability,such as visual impairment or vision loss (blindness), maculardegeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal veninocclusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemicretinopathy, intraocular neovascularization, corneal neovascularization,retinal neovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabeticmacular edema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

The invention also provides for an isolated peptide for use ininhibition of angiogenesis in a patient suffering from a disorderassociated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability wherein the isolatedpeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ IDNO:1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a fragments thereof.

The invention also provide for a composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of an isolated peptide of the inventionfor the inhibition of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. The inventionprovides for an isolated peptide or a composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of the peptide for inhibition ofVEGF-induced permeability in a subject a suffering from cancer or adisorder associated with VEGF-induced permeability, such as visualimpairment or vision loss (blindness), macular degeneration, centralretinal vein occlusion, branch retinal venin occlusion proliferativediabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration(AMD), retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathy, intraocularneovascularization, corneal neovascularization, retinalneovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macularedema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

The invention also provides for an isolated peptide for the treatmentfor a disorder associated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Forexample, the VEGF associated vascular disorder is visual impairment orvision loss (blindness), macular degeneration, central retinal veinocclusion, branch retinal venin occlusion proliferative diabeticretinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD),retinopathy of prematurity, ischemic retinopathy, intraocularneovascularization, corneal neovascularization, retinalneovascularization, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macularedema, diabetic retina ischemia, diabetic retinal edema, andproliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis, neovascularglaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graft neovascularization.

Any of the peptides of the invention are used for inhibitingangiogenesis or for treating a disorder associated with VEGF-inducedvascular permeability may be linked to a carrier peptide such asantennapedia peptide (AP), antennapedia peptide, penetratin peptide,TAT, tranportan or polyarginine. In addition, any of the isolatedpeptides of the invention for use in inhibiting angiogenesis or treatinga disorder associated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability may beconjugated to a fatty acid, e.g. myristoylated.

Any of the isolated peptides or compositions of the invention may beadministered in combination with one or more VEGF inhibitors, wherein“VEGF inhbitors” refer to s anti-VEGF antibodies and fragments thereof,anti-VEGFR antibodies and fragments thereof, antagonistic peptides andsmall molecules that inhibit the activity or signaling pathway of VEGFor VEGFR. Exemplary VEGF inhibitors include Bevacizumab (Avastin),Ranibizumab (Lucentis), Pegaptanib (Macugen), Aflibercept (Eylea),Sorafenib (Nexvar), Sunitinib (Sutent), Pazopanib (Votrient), Axitinib(Inlyta), PTK787/ZK222584, ZD-6474, SU6668, PD-547,632, VEGF-Trap,CEP-7055, NM-3, or SU11248. In addition, the peptide or the VEGFR isadministered by intravitreal injection or topically such as in the formof an eye drop.

Any of the isolated peptides or compositions of the invention may beadministered in combination with laser treatment for eye disease wherein“eye disease” refers to visual impairment or vision loss (blindness),macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinalvenin occlusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascularage-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity,ischemic retinopathy, intraocular neovascularization, cornealneovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidalneovascularization, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retina ischemia,diabetic retinal edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosisiridis, neovascular glaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graftneovascularization.

The isolated peptides or compositions of the invention may beadministered in combination with a steroid or any current methodtreatment for eye disease.

In addition, the isolated peptides or compositions of the invention maybe administered by intravitreal injection or topically such as in theform of an eye drop.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows the role of EB3 in inflammatory-induced hyper-permeabilityof endothelial barrier. EB3 establishes transient interactions ofgrowing MT ends with the IP₃R₃, sensitizes the IP₃R₃ and positivelyregulates both Ca²⁺ release from stores and SOC-dependent Ca²⁺ entryduring inflammation. This results in amplification of Ca²⁺ signaling andincreased permeability through PKCα-mediated phosphorylation ofp120-catenin and acto-myosin contractility.

FIG. 2 shows an alignment of human IP₃ receptors (794-814 aa of IP₃R₃type 3) with EB binding motif (highlighted). The IP₃R₃ peptide (SEQ IDNO: 1) is shown below the alignment.

FIG. 3 shows a ribbon representation of EB3 structure (magenta) andIP₃R₃ derived peptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) docked into EB3 hydrophobic bindinggroove of EB3; 180° rotation is shown. The IP₃R₃ derivative peptide wasdocked using a Z-Dock program in conjunction with Discovery Studio 3.0software. The binding energy between the peptide and EB3 was calculatedto be −68.882 kcal/mol.

FIGS. 4A-4B shows IP₃R₃ peptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) inhibits Ca²⁺ releasefrom ER in response to PAR-1 activation. (FIG. 4A) HMVECs pre-treatedwith AP-attached IP₃R₃ peptide or control (AP) peptide were loaded withFura 2-AM and 340/380 ratio was calculated after stimulation of cellswith thrombin (50 nM) in the absence and in the presence ofextracellular Ca²⁺. Arrow, time of thrombin addition. (FIG. 4B) Plotshows the mean ±SD for thrombin-induced Ca²⁺ release and entrycalculated as a maximum increase over the basal value. The increase isnormalized to control non-treated cells from the same experiment (n=4).

FIG. 5 shows a ribbon representation of EB3 in the complex with EBIN(SEQ ID NO: 3) and IP₃R₃ peptide (SEQ ID NO: 1). The computed bindingenergy is −68.882 and -60.251 for IPR and EBIN, respectively.

FIGS. 6A-6B: FIG. 6A shows subcuteanous vascular leakage ofalbumin-bound Evans Blue Dye, which was induced by intradermal injectionof VEGF, and FIG. 6B quantifies the vascular leakage as measuredspectrophotometrically at 620 nm.

FIGS. 7A-7D: FIG. 7A shows that EBIN inhibited tubulogenesis in matrigelcoated wells (scale bar 200 μm). FIG. 7B shows the number of branchesper area; UT=untreated; Contr=control peptide; **p<0.001 (n=3 wells pergroup). FIG. 7C shows hemematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of in vivomatrigel plugs. Group 1 was treated with control peptide and group 3 wastreated with Myr-EBIN at 0, 36 and 60 hrs; group 2 received only 36 and60 hour treatment. FIG. 7D shows the number of vessels per mm²;***p<0.001 (n=15 per group). Scale bar, 200 μm.

FIGS. 8A-8B shows the effect of EBIN treatment on the tumor growth curveand neovascularization. FIG. 8A plots tumor growth curve in xenograftmodel; mean is shown; n=8 mice per group. FIG. 8B plots the number ofvessels per area counted outside of the tumor; n=25 fields/mouse; N=5mice; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.

FIGS. 9A-9B shows an overview of the animal model for choroidalneovascularization (CNV) induction in: (FIG. 9A) Cross section view ofthe eye demonstrating the laser beam focused on pigment epithelium ofretina to induce laser burn and rupture of Bruch's membrane, (FIG. 9B)Rupture of Bruch's membrane induces proliferation of blood vessel inchoroid and CNV lesion into retina.

FIG. 10 shows an outline of the schedule for the Laser-induced CNV,Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT), Fundus Fluorescein Angiography,treatment and tissue harvest for groups 1-3 (as set out in Table 4).

FIGS. 11A-11E show the effect of EBIN treatment on CNV. Correlativeanalysis of vascular leakage (FIG. 11A) and lesion (FIG. 11B-FIG. 11C)in mice treated by intravitreal injection of control peptide(Myr-FAEIPTI), EBIN (Myr-FTEIPTI) and mouse anti-VEGF antibody (LEAF™).Representative images of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FIG. 11A) andcorresponding Optical Coherence Tomography (FIG. 11B) at day 15 afterlaser photocoagulation; numbers in yellow indicate corresponding CNVlesions. Area of leakage correlates with the lesion size. (FIG. 11C) CNVlesion is detected by staining for isolectin B4 using flat-mount ofretinal pigment epithelium/choroid/sclera. Quantification of the area offluorescein leakage (FIG. 11D) and lesion (FIG. 11E) using images shownin (FIG. 11A) and (FIG. 11C); n=6-9 mice per group; **, p<0.01. Scalebar, 200 μm and 100 μm in (FIG. 11A) and (FIG. 11C), respectively.Comparison between groups were performed using ANOVA. Anti-VEGFtreatment significantly altered wound healing/scaring of damaged areawhereas treatment with EBIN did not affect healing process.

FIGS. 12A-12B: FIG. 12A shows the effects of 7-days acute toxicity studyfor EBIN. Representative images of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography F andcorresponding Optical Coherence Tomography (FIG. 12B) at day 8 ofintravitreal treatment with EBIN (1 μg/eye). Note, EBIN forms smallcrystals/precipitates inside of various humor; no visible changes inretinal vasculature and retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, sclera weredetected.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have made the surprising discovery that peptides derivedfrom the EB3-interacting domain of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃)receptor type 3 (IP₃R₃) reduce the interaction between End BindingProtein 3 (EB3) and IP₃R₃ and inhibit VEGF-induced vascular permeabilityor VEGF-induced microvascular leakage. The peptides of the inventiondemonstrate barrier-protective properties in various inflammatorydiseases and demonstrate anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and invivo.

Previous work suggested by the role of the MT cytoskeleton in regulatingIP₃-gated release of Ca²⁺ from ER store and EB3 is requires for ER Ca²⁺depletion. IP₃R₃ contains EB binding consensus motif, Ser/Thr-x-Ile-Pro(SxIP) (SEQ ID NO: 5). A short peptide based on IP₃R₃ sequence(KFARLWTEIPTAIT—SEQ ID NO: 1) shows high binding activity for EB3 (seeExample 1). These studies demonstrate that the interaction between IP₃R₃and EB3 critical in the mechanism of IP₃R activation.

The role of EB3 in inflammatory-induced hyperpermeability of endothelialbarrier centers on its ability to establish transient interactions ofgrowing MT ends with IP₃R₃. As a result EB3 sensitizes IP₃R₃ to IP₃ andpositively regulates Ca²⁺ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).This leads to SOC-dependent Ca²⁺ entry and amplification of Ca²⁺signaling. Increased concentration of cytosolic Ca²⁺ induces PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of p120-catenin resulting in disassembly ofVE-cadherin adhesions. It also facilitates RhoA-dependent acto-myosincontractility resulting in the cell shape changes. See FIG. 1. This workis described in detail in International Application No.PCT/US2012/042118 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,912,139, which are incorporated byreference in their entirety.

The methods and materials described below prevent or inhibitVEGF-induced microvascular leakage and, therefore, are useful ininhibiting angiogenesis and treating disorders such as maculardegeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cancer, central retinal veinocclusion and branch retinal venin occlusion, to name a few.

DEFINITIONS

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in thespecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “and” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise.

For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening numberthere between with the same degree of precision is explicitlycontemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 arecontemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, thenumber 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 and 7.0 areexplicitly contemplated.

“Angiogenesis” as used herein, refers to the process through which newblood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. For example, cytokines andextracellular matrix proteases induce tissue remodeling in preparationfor migration of endothelial cells from existing vessels to form newvessels.

“Fragment” as used herein may mean a portion of a reference peptide orpolypeptide or nucleic acid sequence.

“Identical” or “identity” as used herein in the context of two or morepolypeptide or nucleotide sequences, may mean that the sequences have aspecified percentage of residues or nucleotides that are the same over aspecified region. The percentage may be calculated by optimally aligningthe two sequences, comparing the two sequences over the specifiedregion, determining the number of positions at which the identicalresidue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matchedpositions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total numberof positions in the specified region, and multiplying the result by 100to yield the percentage of sequence identity. In cases where the twosequences are of different lengths or the alignment produces one or morestaggered ends and the specified region of comparison includes only asingle sequence, the residues of single sequence are included in thedenominator but not the numerator of the calculation.

“Peptide” or “polypeptide” as used herein, may refer to a linkedsequence of amino acids and may be natural, synthetic, or a modificationor combination of natural and synthetic.

“Substantially identical,” as used herein may mean that a first andsecond protein or nucleotide sequence are at least 50%-99% identicalover a region of 6-100 or more amino acids nucleotides.

“Treating,” “treatment,” or “to treat” each may mean to alleviate,suppress, repress, eliminate, prevent or slow the appearance ofsymptoms, clinical signs, or underlying pathology of a condition ordisorder on a temporary or permanent basis. Preventing a condition ordisorder involves administering a agent of the present invention to asubject prior to onset of the disease. Suppressing a condition ordisorder involves administering a agent of the present invention to asubject after induction of the condition or disorder but before itsclinical appearance. Repressing the condition or disorder involvesadministering a agent of the present invention to a subject afterclinical appearance of the disease.

The term “therapeutically effective” depends on the condition of asubject and the specific compound administered. The term refers to anamount effective to achieve a desired clinical effect. A therapeuticallyeffective amount varies with the nature of the condition being treated,the length of time that activity is desired, and the age and thecondition of the subject, and ultimately is determined by the healthcare provider. In one aspect, a therapeutically effective amount of apeptide or composition is an amount effective to inhibit, reduce orprevent VEGF-induced vascular permeability and/or angiogenesis.

A “variant” means a peptide or polypeptide that differs in amino acidsequence by the insertion, deletion, or conservative substitution ofamino acids, but retains at least one biological activity.Representative examples of “biological activity” include the ability tobind to End Binding protein, a toll-like receptor (TLR) and to be boundby a specific antibody. Variant may also mean a protein with an aminoacid sequence that is substantially identical to a referenced proteinwith an amino acid sequence that retains at least one biologicalactivity. A conservative substitution of an amino acid, i.e., replacingan amino acid with a different amino acid of similar properties (e.g.,hydrophilicity, degree and distribution of charged regions) isrecognized in the art as typically involving a minor change. These minorchanges can be identified, in part, by considering the hydropathic indexof amino acids, as understood in the art. Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol.157:105-132 (1982). The hydropathic index of an amino acid is based on aconsideration of its hydrophobicity and charge. It is known in the artthat amino acids of similar hydropathic indexes can be substituted andstill retain protein function. In one aspect, amino acids havinghydropathic indexes of ±2 are substituted. The hydrophilicity of aminoacids can also be used to reveal substitutions that would result inproteins retaining biological function. A consideration of thehydrophilicity of amino acids in the context of a peptide permitscalculation of the greatest local average hydrophilicity of thatpeptide, a useful measure that has been reported to correlate well withantigenicity and immunogenicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporatedfully herein by reference. Substitution of amino acids having similarhydrophilicity values can result in peptides retaining biologicalactivity, for example immunogenicity, as is understood in the art.Substitutions may be performed with amino acids having hydrophilicityvalues within ±2 of each other. Both the hyrophobicity index and thehydrophilicity value of amino acids are influenced by the particularside chain of that amino acid. Consistent with that observation, aminoacid substitutions that are compatible with biological function areunderstood to depend on the relative similarity of the amino acids, andparticularly the side chains of those amino acids, as revealed by thehydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and other properties.

Provided herein is a peptide, which may comprise the amino acid sequenceKFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1), KFARLWAEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 2) (alsoreferred to herein as IP₃R₃ Peptide), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) (alsoreferred to herein as End Binding Inhibitory Peptide, or “EBIN”), apeptide disclosed in Table 1 herein, a fragment thereof, or a variantthereof. The variant may comprise a conservative substitution. Thepeptide may comprise an EB binding consensus motif sequence, such as theEB binding consensus sequence of IP₃R₃, or a fragment thereof. The EBbinding consensus sequence of IP₃R₃ may be Ser/Thr-x-Ile-Pro (SEQ ID NO:5). The peptide may consist of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO: 1),KFARLWAEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:2), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3), a consensussequence comprising Ser/Thr-x-Ile-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 5), a peptidedisclosed in Table 1 herein, a fragment of the foregoing, or aconservative variant of the foregoing. The variant may comprise anypeptide sequence containing Ser/Thr-x-Ile-Pro sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5),minimal EB binding consensus motif sequence.

The peptide may comprise the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQID NO: 1), KFARLWAEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:2) (also referred to herein asIP₃R₃ Peptide), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3) (also referred to herein as EndBinding Inhibitory Peptide, or “EBIN”), a peptide disclosed in Table 1herein, a fragment thereof, or a variant thereof, wherein the peptide ora polypeptide comprising the peptide is 7 amino acid residues, 8 aminoacid residues, 9, amino acid residues, 10, amino acid residues, 11,amino acid residues, 12 amino acid residues, 13 amino acid residues, 14amino acid residues, 15 amino acid residues, 16 amino acid residues, 17amino acid residues, 18 amino acid residues, 19, amino acid residues, 20amino acid residues, 21 amino acid residues, 22 amino acid residues, 23amino acid residues, 24 amino acid residues, 25 amino acid residues, 26amino acid residues, 27 amino acid residues, 28 amino acid residues, 29amino acid residues, 30 amino acid residues, 35 amino acid residues, 40amino acid residues, 45 amino acid residues, 50 amino acid residues, 55amino acid residues, 60 amino acid residues, 65 amino acid residues, 70amino acid residues, 75 amino acid residues, 80 amino acid residues, 85amino acid residues, 90 amino acid residues, 95 amino acid residues or100 amino acid residues.

The peptide may be modified in that the amino acid sequence has one ormore amino acid substitutions, amino acid insertions, amino aciddeletions, carboxy terminal truncation, or an amino terminal truncation.

The peptide might also be glycosylated, phosphorylated, sulfated,glycosylated, animated, carboxylated, acetylated. For example, theC-terminal may be modified with amidation, addition of peptide alcoholsand aldehydes, addition of esters, addition of p-nitorailine andthioesteres and multipelantigens peptides. The N-terminal and sidechains may be modified by PEGylation, acetylation, formylation, additionof a fatty acid, addition of benzoyl, addition of bromoacetyl, additionof pyroglutamyl, succinylation, addition of tetrabutyoxycarbonyl andaddition of 3-mercaptopropyl, acylations (e.g. lipopeptides),biotinylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, glycosylation, introductionof maleimido group, chelating moieties, chromophores and flurophores.

The peptide may be conjugated to a fatty acid, e.g. the peptide ismyristoylated. For example, a fatty acid may be conjugated to theN-terminus of the peptide, such fatty acids include caprylic acid (C8),capric acid (C10), lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14), palmitic acid(C16) or stearic acid (C18) etc. Furthermore cysteines in peptides canbe palmitoylated.

The peptide may be conjugated or linked to another peptide, such as acarrier peptide. The carrier peptide may facilitate cell-penetration,such as antennapedia peptide, penetratin peptide, TAT, tranportan orpolyarginine.

The peptides may be cyclic. The peptide disclosed herein may be cyclizedby adding a single or multiple disulfide bridges, adding a single ormultiple amide bonds between the N- and C-terminus, heat to tailcyclization, side chain cyclization (e.g. lactam bridge, thioester),hydrocarbon-stabled peptides.

The peptide may be labeled with heavy isotope labeling, e.g. ¹⁵N, ¹³C,FITC, conjugation to a carrier protein, conjugation to imaging agent,FRET substrates with a flurophore/quencher pair, peptide-DNAconjugation, peptide-RNA conjugation and peptide-enzyme labeling.

The peptide may be within a fusion protein such as fused to apolypeptide or peptide which promotes oligomerization, such as a leucinezipper domain; a polypeptide or peptide which increases stability or toincrease half-life, such as an immunoglobulin constant region; and apolypeptide which has a therapeutic activity different from peptide orthe invention, a chemotherapeutic agent, an antibody or protein fortissue specific targeting,

Fusions can be made either at the amino terminus or at the carboxyterminus of the polypeptide. The fusion proteins may be direct with nolinker or adapter molecule or indirect using a linker or adaptermolecule. A linker or adapter molecule may be one or more amino acidresidues, typically up to about 20 to about 50 amino acid residues. Alinker or adapter molecule may also be designed with a cleavage site fora protease to allow for the separation of the fused moieties. Forexample, the peptide may be fused to one or more domains of an Fc regionof human IgG to increase the half-life of the peptide or the addition ofa Fab variable domain to shorten the half-life of the peptide.

Methods of Treatment

Provided herein is a method of inhibiting, preventing or reducingangiogenesis. Angiogeneis is associated with tumor growth, cancerprogression and metastasis, blindness and macular degeneration, diabeticretinopathy, to name a few.

The invention provides for method of inhibiting angiogenesis involved intumor growth, cancer progression and metastasis. The invention alsoprovides for methods of treating, inhibiting and preventing tumor growthand cancers such as, e.g. brain tumors (including meningiomas,glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytomas, cerebellarastrocytomas, other high-grade or low-grade astrocytomas, brain stemgliomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed gliomas, other gliomas, cerebralneuroblastomas, craniopharyngiomas, diencephalic gliomas, germinomas,medulloblastomas, ependymomas. choroid plexus tumors, pineal parenchymaltumors, gangliogliomas, neuroepithelial tumors, neuronal or mixedneuronal glial tumors), lung tumors (including small cell carcinomas,epidermoid carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas, carcinoidtumors, bronchial gland tumors, mesotheliomas, sarcomas or mixedtumors), prostate cancers (including adenocarcinomas, squamous cellcarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma of the prostaticutricle, or carcinosarcomas), breast cancers (including adenocarcinomasor carcinoid tumors), or gastric, intestinal, or colon cancers(including adenocarcinomas, invasive ductal carcinoma, infiltrating orinvasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma insitu, lobular carcinoma in situ, colloid carcinoma or Paget's disease ofthe nipple), skin cancer (including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma,tumor progression of human skin keratinocytes, basal cell carcinoma,hemangiopericytoma and Karposi's sarcoma), lymphoma (including Hodgkin'sdisease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), sarcomas (including osteosarcoma,chondrosarcoma and fibrosarcoma) as well as for the treatment of nervoussystem disorders.

Administration of the peptides of the invention may be combined withother cancer therapies, antitumor agents and chemotherapeutic agentssuch as an aromatase inhibitor, an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen, agonadorelin agonist, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, a topoisomerase IIinhibitor, a microtubule active agent, an alkylating agent, a retinoid,a carotenoid, a tocopherol, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, an MMPinhibitor, a mTOR inhibitor, an antimetabolite, a platin compound, amethionine aminopeptidase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, anantiproliferative antibody, a heparanase inhibitor, an inhibitor of Rasoncogenic isoforms, a telomerase inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, acompound used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, a Flt-3inhibitor, an Hsp90 inhibitor, a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor, aMEK inhibitor, an antitumor antibiotic, a nitrosourea, a compoundtargeting/decreasing protein or lipid kinase activity, a compoundtargeting/decreasing protein or lipid phosphatase activity, any furtheranti-angiogenic compound, and combinations thereof. Specific examples ofantitumor agents include, but are not limited to, azacitidine,axathioprine, bevacizumab, bleomycin, capecitabine, carboplatin,chlorabucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, daunorubicin,docetaxel, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide,fluorouracil, gemcitabine, herceptin, idarubicin, mechlorethamine,melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin,paclitaxel, tafluposide, teniposide, tioguanine, retinoic acid,valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, receptortyrosine kinase inhibitors, and combinations thereof. Additionalexamples of antitumor or chemotherapeutic agents are known in the art.

The invention provides for methods of treating macular degenerationincluding wet and dry macular degeneration comprising administering thepeptide of the invention. Wet macular degeneration occurs when abnormalblood vessels grow behind the macula. These vessels are fragile and canleak fluid and blood, which result in scarring of the macula and raisethe potential for rapid, severe damage. Bruch's membrane breaks down,usually near drusen deposits. This is where new blood vessel growth, orneovascularization, occurs. Central vision can become distorted or lostentirely in a short period of time, sometimes within days.

For the methods of treating macular degeneration, ocular administrationof the peptides of the invention is contemplated. In addition,administration of the peptides may be combined with the othertherapeutic agents such as other antiangiogenic drugs such asBevacizumab (Avastin), Ranibizumab (Lucentis), Pegaptanib (Macugen),Aflibercept (Eylea), Lodamin (a polymeric formulation of TNP-470),Verteporfin (Visudyne) (Photodynamic Therapy or PDT), oligonulcoetidetherapies, antibodies to Dr5, small molecule kinase modulators targetingc-Met, quinolone derivatives, fused bicyclic pyridine and pyrazinederivatives, or pyrrolopyrimidine compounds as inhibitors of CDK4/6.Additional therapeutic agents are known in the art. In addition,administration of the peptides of the invention for treating maculardegeneration may be combined with other procedures such as animplantable telescope, laser photocoagulation and macular translocationsurgery.

Provided herein is a method of treating a disorder associated withVEGF-induced vascular permeability. For example, the invention providesfor methods of treating visual impairment or vision loss (blindness),macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinalvenin occlusion proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascularage-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity,ischemic retinopathy, intraocular neovascularization, cornealneovascularization, retinal neovascularization, choroidalneovascularization, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retina ischemia,diabetic retinal edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, rubeosisiridis, neovascular glaucoma, retinoblastoma, uveitis and corneal graftneovascularization.

Subject

The subject may be a mammal, which may be a human. Prior to diagnosis,the subject may be at risk for cancer because of exposure to one or morerisk factors or have a genetic risk for developing cancer. The one ormore risk factors may include, for example, the subject having a familyhistory of cancer, age, smoking tobacco, sun exposure, drinkingalcoholic beverages, lack of physical activity, obesity and/or dietarydeficiency.

Prior to diagnosis, the subject may be at risk of developing maculardegeneration because exposure to one or more risk factors or have agenetic risk for developing macular degeneration. The one or more riskfactors may include, for example, the subject having a family history ofmacular degeneration, age, smoking tobacco, prolonged sun exposure, highfat diet, dietary deficiency, high blood pressure, obesity, and/or lightcolor eyes.

Administration

Suitable methods of administering a physiologically-acceptablecomposition, such as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compoundand/or micelle described herein, are well known in the art. Althoughmore than one route can be used to administer a peptide, a particularroute can provide a more immediate and more effective reaction thananother route. Depending on the circumstances, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the peptide is applied or instilled into bodycavities, absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes, ingested,inhaled, and/or introduced into circulation. For example, in certaincircumstances, it will be desirable to deliver the pharmaceuticalcomposition orally; through injection or infusion by intravenous,intratumoral, intraperitoneal, intracerebral (intra-parenchymal),intracerebroventricular, intramuscular, intra-ocular, intraarterial,intraportal, intralesional, intramedullary, intrathecal,intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, urethral, vaginal, or rectalmeans; by controlled, delayed, sustained or otherwise modified releasesystems; or by implantation devices. In one aspect, drug exposure can beoptimized by maintaining constant drug plasma concentrations over time.Such a steady-state is generally accomplished in clinical settings bycontinuous drug infusion at doses depending on the drug clearance andthe plasma concentration to be sustained. If desired, the composition isadministered regionally via intratumoral, administration, intrathecaladministration, intracerebral (intra-parenchymal) administration,intracerebroventricular administration, or intraarterial or intravenousadministration targeting the region of interest. Alternatively, thepeptide is administered locally via implantation of a matrix, membrane,sponge, or another appropriate material onto which the desired compoundhas been absorbed or encapsulated. Where an implantation device is used,the device is, in one aspect, implanted into any suitable tissue ororgan, and delivery of the desired compound is, for example, viadiffusion, timed-release bolus, or continuous administration.

Ocular administration of the peptides may be carried using intraocularimplants, intravitreal injections, systemic administration, topicalapplication, nanoparticles, microparticles, eye drops, bioadhesive gelsor fibrin sealant, polysaccharides to modulate the permeability of theepithelial cell barrier complex, peptide enhances corneal drug delivery,mucosal administration such as administration using a biovector polymer,aqueous opthamalic sprays and electrodynamic ocular spray treatment. Inone particular embodiment, the peptide may administered by intravitrealinjection or topically such as in the form of an eye drop.

The peptide may be administered as a monotherapy or simultaneously ormetronomically with other treatments, which may be a surgery or removalof a tumor. The term “simultaneous” or “simultaneously” as used herein,means that the peptide and other treatment be administered within 48hours, preferably 24 hours, more preferably 12 hours, yet morepreferably 6 hours, and most preferably 3 hours or less, of each other.The term “metronomically” as used herein means the administration of thepeptide at times different from the other treatment and at a certainfrequency relative to repeat administration. For example, the peptide ofthe invention may be administered with one or more VEGF inhibitors. Forexample, the peptide of the invention may be administered with one ormore VEGF inhibitors or in combination with laser treatment for visionloss.

The peptide may be administered at any point prior to another treatmentincluding about 120 hr, 118 hr, 116 hr, 114 hr, 112 hr, 110 hr, 108 hr,106 hr, 104 hr, 102 hr, 100 hr, 98 hr, 96 hr, 94 hr, 92 hr, 90 hr, 88hr, 86 hr, 84 hr, 82 hr, 80 hr, 78 hr, 76 hr, 74 hr, 72 hr, 70 hr, 68hr, 66 hr, 64 hr, 62 hr, 60 hr, 58 hr, 56 hr, 54 hr, 52 hr, 50 hr, 48hr, 46 hr, 44 hr, 42 hr, 40 hr, 38 hr, 36 hr, 34 hr, 32 hr, 30 hr, 28hr, 26 hr, 24 hr, 22 hr, 20 hr, 18 hr, 16 hr, 14 hr, 12 hr, 10 hr, 8 hr,6 hr, 4 hr, 3 hr, 2 hr, 1 hr, 55 mins., 50 mins., 45 mins., 40 mins., 35mins., 30 mins., 25 mins., 20 mins., 15 mins, 10 mins, 9 mins, 8 mins, 7mins., 6 mins., 5 mins., 4 mins., 3 mins, 2 mins, and 1 mins. Thepeptide may be administered at any point prior to a second treatment ofthe peptide including about 120 hr, 118 hr, 116 hr, 114 hr, 112 hr, 110hr, 108 hr, 106 hr, 104 hr, 102 hr, 100 hr, 98 hr, 96 hr, 94 hr, 92 hr,90 hr, 88 hr, 86 hr, 84 hr, 82 hr, 80 hr, 78 hr, 76 hr, 74 hr, 72 hr, 70hr, 68 hr, 66 hr, 64 hr, 62 hr, 60 hr, 58 hr, 56 hr, 54 hr, 52 hr, 50hr, 48 hr, 46 hr, 44 hr, 42 hr, 40 hr, 38 hr, 36 hr, 34 hr, 32 hr, 30hr, 28 hr, 26 hr, 24 hr, 22 hr, 20 hr, 18 hr, 16 hr, 14 hr, 12 hr, 10hr, 8 hr, 6 hr, 4 hr, 3 hr, 2 hr, 1 hr, 55 mins., 50 mins., 45 mins., 40mins., 35 mins., 30 mins., 25 mins., 20 mins., 15 mins., 10 mins., 9mins., 8 mins., 7 mins., 6 mins., 5 mins., 4 mins., 3 mins, 2 mins, and1 mins.

The peptide may be administered at any point after another treatmentincluding about 1 min, 2 mins., 3 mins., 4 mins., 5 mins., 6 mins., 7mins., 8 mins., 9 mins., 10 mins., 15 mins., 20 mins., 25 mins., 30mins., 35 mins., 40 mins., 45 mins., 50 mins., 55 mins., 1 hr, 2 hr, 3hr, 4 hr, 6 hr, 8 hr, 10 hr, 12 hr, 14 hr, 16 hr, 18 hr, 20 hr, 22 hr,24 hr, 26 hr, 28 hr, 30 hr, 32 hr, 34 hr, 36 hr, 38 hr, 40 hr, 42 hr, 44hr, 46 hr, 48 hr, 50 hr, 52 hr, 54 hr, 56 hr, 58 hr, 60 hr, 62 hr, 64hr, 66 hr, 68 hr, 70 hr, 72 hr, 74 hr, 76 hr, 78 hr, 80 hr, 82 hr, 84hr, 86 hr, 88 hr, 90 hr, 92 hr, 94 hr, 96 hr, 98 hr, 100 hr, 102 hr, 104hr, 106 hr, 108 hr, 110 hr, 112 hr, 114 hr, 116 hr, 118 hr, and 120 hr.The peptide may be administered at any point prior after a secondtreatment of the peptide including about 120 hr, 118 hr, 116 hr, 114 hr,112 hr, 110 hr, 108 hr, 106 hr, 104 hr, 102 hr, 100 hr, 98 hr, 96 hr, 94hr, 92 hr, 90 hr, 88 hr, 86 hr, 84 hr, 82 hr, 80 hr, 78 hr, 76 hr, 74hr, 72 hr, 70 hr, 68 hr, 66 hr, 64 hr, 62 hr, 60 hr, 58 hr, 56 hr, 54hr, 52 hr, 50 hr, 48 hr, 46 hr, 44 hr, 42 hr, 40 hr, 38 hr, 36 hr, 34hr, 32 hr, 30 hr, 28 hr, 26 hr, 24 hr, 22 hr, 20 hr, 18 hr, 16 hr, 14hr, 12 hr, 10 hr, 8 hr, 6 hr, 4 hr, 3 hr, 2 hr, 1 hr, 55 mins., 50mins., 45 mins., 40 mins., 35 mins., 30 mins., 25 mins., 20 mins., 15mins., 10 mins., 9 mins., 8 mins., 7 mins., 6 mins., 5 mins., 4 mins., 3mins, 2 mins, and 1 mins.

Formulation

The method may comprise administering the peptide. Peptides providedherein may be in the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in aconventional manner. For example, tablets and capsules for oraladministration may contain conventional excipients may be bindingagents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants and wetting agents. Bindingagents include, but are not limited to, syrup, accacia, gelatin,sorbitol, tragacanth, mucilage of starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone.Fillers may be lactose, sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, maizestarch,calcium phosphate, and sorbitol. Lubricants include, but are not limitedto, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycol, andsilica. Disintegrants may be potato starch and sodium starch glycollate.Wetting agents may be sodium lauryl sulfate. Tablets may be coatedaccording to methods well known in the art.

Peptides provided herein may also be liquid formulations such as aqueousor oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, and elixirs. Thepeptides may also be formulated as a dry product for constitution withwater or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations maycontain additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents,nonaqueous vehicles and preservatives. Suspending agent may be sorbitolsyrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin,hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminum stearate gel,and hydrogenated edible fats. Emulsifying agents may be lecithin,sorbitan monooleate, and acacia. Nonaqueous vehicles may be edible oils,almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol, andethyl alcohol. Preservatives may be methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoateand sorbic acid. In particular, the peptides of the invention may be inaqueous formulations for topical administration such as in the form ofan eye drop.

Peptides provided herein may also be formulated as suppositories, whichmay contain suppository bases such as cocoa butter or glycerides.Peptides provided herein may also be formulated for inhalation, whichmay be in a form such as a solution, suspension, or emulsion that may beadministered as a dry powder or in the form of an aerosol using apropellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane.Peptides provided herein may also be formulated as transdermalformulations comprising aqueous or nonaqueous vehicles such as creams,ointments, lotions, pastes, medicated plaster, patch, or membrane.Peptides provided herein may also be formulated for parenteraladministration such as by injection, intratumor injection or continuousinfusion. Formulations for injection may be in the form of suspensions,solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may containformulation agents including, but not limited to, suspending,stabilizing, and dispersing agents. The peptide may also be provided ina powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle including, butnot limited to, sterile, pyrogen-free water.

Peptides provided herein may also be formulated as a depot preparation,which may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.The peptides may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobicmaterials (as an emulsion in an acceptable oil, for example), ionexchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives (as a sparinglysoluble salt, for example).

Dosage

The method may comprise administering a therapeutically effective amountof the peptide to a patient in need thereof. The therapeuticallyeffective amount required for use in therapy varies with the nature ofthe condition being treated, the length of time desired to activate TLRactivity, and the age/condition of the patient. In general, however,doses employed for adult human treatment typically are in the range of0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg per day. The dose may be about 0.05 mg/kgto about 10 g/kg per day. The desired dose may be convenientlyadministered in a single dose, or as multiple doses administered atappropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-dosesper day. Multiple doses may be desired, or required.

The dosage may be at any dosage such as about 0.05 μg/kg, 0.06 μg/kg,0.07 μg/kg, 0.08 μg/kg, 0.09 μg/kg, 0.1 μg/kg, 0.2 μg/kg, 0.3 μg/kg, 0.4μg/kg, 0.5 μg/kg, 0.6 μg/kg, 0.7 μg/kg, 0.8 μg/kg, 0.9 μg/kg, 1 μg/kg,1.5 μg/kg, 2 μg/kg, 3 μg/kg, 4 μg/kg, 5 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 15 μg/kg, 20μg/kg, 25 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, 75 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 125 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg,175 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 225 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, 275 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 325μg/kg, 350 μg/kg, 375 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 425 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg, 475 μg/kg,500 μg/kg, 525 μg/kg, 550 μg/kg, 575 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 625 μg/kg, 650μg/kg, 675 μg/kg, 700 μg/kg, 725 μg/kg, 750 μg/kg, 775 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg,825 μg/kg, 850 μg/kg, 875 μg/kg, 900 μg/kg, 925 μg/kg, 950 μg/kg, 975μg/kg.

The dosage may be at any dosage such as about 0.05 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg,0.07 mg/kg, 0.08 mg/kg, 0.09 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, 0.7 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg, 0.9 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg,25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 225 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 275 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 325 mg/kg,350 mg/kg, 375 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 425 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg, 475 mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 525 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg, 575 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 625 mg/kg, 650 mg/kg,675 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg, 725 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, 775 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, 825mg/kg, 850 mg/kg, 875 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, 925 mg/kg, 950 mg/kg, 975 mg/kg,1 g/kg, 2 g/kg, 3 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 6 g/kg, 7 g/kg, 8 g/kg, 9 g/kg,or 10 g/kg.

Kit

Provided herein is a kit, which may be used for treating a disorderassociated with VEGF-induced vascular permeability or angiogenesis. Thekit may comprise one or more of the peptides. The peptides may be partof a pharmaceutical composition. The kit may further compriseinstructions for using the kit and conducting the administering thepeptide or formulation.

The kit may also comprise one or more containers, such as vials orbottles, with each container containing a separate reagent. The kit mayfurther comprise written instructions, which may describe how to performor interpret the method described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Role of EB3 Interaction with IP3R in the Mechanism ofIP3-Gated Release of Ca2+

It was determined whether allosteric modulation of EB3 function with thepeptides of the invention (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 3) inhibits bothVEGF-induced vascular leakage and angiogenesis. Mice were challengedwith VEGF or angiogenesis by subcutaneous injection of the matrigel,tumor cells or laser burn of Bruch's membrane.

IP₃R₅ contains EB binding consensus motif, Ser/Thr-x-Ile-Pro (SxIP) (SEQID NO: 5). A short peptide based on IP.sub.3R.sub.3 sequence(KFARLWTEIPTAIT—SEQ ID NO: 1) (FIG. 2) shows high binding activity forEB3 with free energy binding of −68.882 kcal/mol (FIG. 3). The role ofthe interaction between EB3 and IP₃R₃ was recently described by Geyer etal., Cell Rep 12(1):79-89; 2015. The pre-treatment of cell with IP₃R₃sequence attached to the C-terminus of cell permeant antennapediapeptide (AP) at 10 nM markedly decreased the release of Ca2+ from storesin response to thrombin (FIG. 4A), suggesting that interaction betweenIP.sub.3R.sub.3 and EB3 is critical in the mechanism of IP₃R₃activation. The effects of IP₃R₃ peptide and taxol were compared inregulating Ca²⁺ release. It was found that pre-treatment of cells with 5μg/ml taxol for 20 min prior to thrombin stimulation inhibits release ofCa²⁺ from ER to the same extent as IP₃R₃ peptide (FIG. 4B).

Example 2 Structure-Based Design of End Binding Inhibitory Peptide(EBIN)

End Binding Inhibitory peptide, namely EBIN, was designed based oncomputational in silico alanine-scanning and fully-flexible docking ofIPR peptide to the EB binding pocket (Tables 2 and 3). Binding freeenergy (ΔG) was used to determine a contribution of each residue instabilization of interaction of the peptide with EB protein.

The following criteria were used: ΔG value.gtoreq.1=Stabilizing residueΔG value.gtoreq.−1=Destabilizing residue ΔG value<−1 to 0 to <1=Neutralresidue Alanine scanning reveals stabilizing (with a positive bindingenergy of 0.50 Kj/mole or more; shown in black) and destabilizing (witha negative binding energy of −1, shown in blue) residues.

TABLE 1 Computed changes in binding free energyafter truncation of amino acid residueswhich surround Thr-x-Pro motif of IP₃R₃ Free Energy Binding SEQPeptide Sequence (-kcal/mole) ID NO KFARLWTEIPTAIT -68.882  1 (IP ₃ R ₃ peptide) FARLWTEIPTAIT -68.809  6   RLWTEIPTAIT -46.571  7   LWTEIPTAIT -54.443  8     WTEIPTAIT -42.886  9      TEIPTAIT -37.16 10      TEIPTAI -39.337 11      TEIPTA -41.234 12      TEIPT -34.5   13FARLWTEIPTAI -51.42  14      TEIP -45.071 15     RTEIPTI -49.74  16   FRTEIPTI -40.728 17     FTKIPTI -55.469 18  KFARTKIPTAIT -57.32  19  FARTEIPTAI -33.415 20  KFARTEIPTAIT -55.736 21

TABLE 2 Computed Changes in binding free energy after mutating eachamino acid residue of IP₃R₃ for alanine:K₁F₂A₃R₄L₅W₆T₇E₈I₉P₁₀T₁₁A₁₂I₁₃T₁₄ Amino acid ΔG K1 0.25 F2 0.52 R4 0.01L5 −1.03 W6 −1.08 T11 0.91 I13 1.33 T14 0.40

TABLE 3 Computed Changes in binding free energy after mutating eachamino acid residue of EBIN for alanine. Amino acid ΔG F1 1.64 T2 1.07 E30.02 I4 0.68 T11 0.98 I7 0.94

As a result, the 14 amino acid IPR peptide was reduced to the 7 aminoacid End Binding Inhibitory peptide (EBIN; FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3). FIG.5 demonstrates the interaction between EB3 and EBIN. Similarly to IP₃R₃(is shown in yellow stick in FIG. 5), EBIN binds to hydrophobic grovebetween EB acidic tail and coil-coiled domain. The calculated energybinding of EBIN to EB3 is −60.251 kcal/mol, which is similar to theenergy binding between IPR and EB3. Threonine at position 2 of EBINplays a critical role in binding to the EB3 interface because mutationof this residue to alanine completely abolishes the binding. Therefore,a single amino-acid mutation T→A peptide, FAEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 4), wasused as a loss-of-binding control.

Example 6 EBIN Prevented VEGF-Induced Microvascular Leakage

VE-cadherin is the main adhesion protein of inter-endothelial junctionsthat bridges endothelial cell into continuous monolayer in order tomaintain restrictive barrier of the vessel wall to protein rich fluids.Both VEGF and Ang2 destabilizes VE-cadherin adhesion either directly, byinducing tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and targetingVE-cadherin for internalization and degradation, or indirectly, by meanof disruption of VE-cadherin adhesion due to response to intracellularforces.

A critical cross-interaction between VE-cadherin adhesion andmicrotubule cytoskeleton was recently described (Komarova et al.Molecular Cell 48(6): 914-25; 2012.). Calcineurin, a calcium-dependentphosphatase, was found to be the main signaling player in thiscross-interaction as it de-phosphorylates EB3, promotes EB3-dependentre-organization of MT cytoskeleton and thus provides a forward-feedmechanism for disruption of VE-cadherin adhesion.

A study investigating whether injection of the EBIN prevented vascularendothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced microvascular leakage wascarried out. Balb/cJ mice were pretreated with the EBIN peptide (1μM/kg) or a control peptide (2T→A mutation) and then human VEGF (50ng/kg body weights) was intradermally injected to induce vascularleakage of albumin-bound Evans Blue (see FIG. 6A). In addition, theformamide-extracted Evans Blue was quantified spectrophotometically at620 nm and corrected for hemoglobin (740 nm) and skin weight (see FIG.6B). The data provided in FIG. 6 demonstrated that treatment of animalswith the EBIN peptide significantly inhibited subcutaneous vascular leakas induced by intradermal injection of human VEGF and thus fullysupports that EBIN may represent a novel potent therapy for inhibitingangiogenesis and for the treatment of disorders associated withVEGF-induced vascular permeability.

Example 7 EBIN Abolished Blood Vessel Growth in Models of Angiogenesis

The effect of EBIN on in vitro tubulogenesis and in vivo angiogenesiswas investigated using matrigel models. A single cell suspension ofhuman umbilical vein endothelial cells was plated above matrigel-coatedwells in the presence of 1 μM EBIN or control peptide; tube formationwas assessed 16 hours later. As shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, EBINsignificantly abolished formation of tubes in this in vitro 2D matrigelmodel.

EBIN effect on blood vessels in growth in an in vivo model of ectopicmatrige angiogenesis was also investigated. Blood vessel in growthmatrigel was pre-mixed with heparin and VEGF but not with endothelialcells, and i.p. injected into low abdomen of mice. There were two 400 μLplugs per mouse. In the mice treated with the control peptide (Group 1),newly formed blood vessels grew into the matrigel (FIG. 7C,1). Thesevessels were functional and perfused with blood that is apparent fromthe presence of red blood cells inside the vessels. In addition, micewere treated with EBIN at the time of matrigel injection (FIG. 7C,2;Group 2) or 36 hrs after matrigel (FIG. 7C,3; Group 3). Matrigel plugswere removed at 96 hours, fixed and stained with HE to assess the vesselformation. The number of vessels was markedly reduced indicating for thesignificant reduction in the blood vessels ingrowth with 99% confidence.It should be noted that post-treatment was as effective as a treatmentsuggesting that similar to anti-VEGF therapy and taxol, EBIN can causevessel regression. Although, EBIN did not induce endothelial cell deathor cell cycle arrest (data not shown).

Example 8 EBIN Inhibited Tumor Cell Growth

The effect of EBIN on growth rate of triple negative (estrogen receptor[ER], progesterone receptor [PR] and human epidermal growth factorreceptor-2 [HER-2] are not expressed in this cell line) human breastcancer cells using a xenograft model was investigated. Nude mice (n=8mice per group) were injected with 3×10⁶ MDA-MB-231 human breast cancercells into the upper left mammary fat pad. All mice developed the tumorby day 13. At that time point, mice were randomized and divided by 5groups and each group received the treatment. Study was terminated atday 24 when the tumor reached 2000 mm³ in size. The treatment withcontrol peptide and EBIN was performed daily for 7 days. EBIN andcontrol peptide were delivered via tail vein injection. Control peptidewas injected at 5 μM/kg body weight. EBIN was injected at 1 μM/kg and 5μM/kg body weight.

Treatment with taxol was performed via intraperitoneal injection at 10μM/kg body weight for 4 days. Tumor size was measured 3 times a week. Asshown in FIG. 8A, a significant delay in the tumor growth in taxol groupwas observed and reduction in the tumor size in EBIN-treated group wasobserved after 4 treatments. This effect was rather transient, although,the size of tumors in EBIN-treated group was significantly smaller ascompared to control untreated group. Mice treated with 1 μM/kg EBINdeveloped the tumor at the same rate as untreated mice suggesting thatthe low dose was not affective.

To correlate the effect of EBIN treatment with tumor neovascularization,tumor tissue was collected, fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E). Number of cells outside of the tumor mass was scored andnormalized per area. Consistent with the tumor growth curve, the numberof vessels outside of the tumor was significantly reduced only in taxoland EBIN (5 μM/kg)—treated groups. EBIN showed superior effect ascompared to taxol (see FIG. 8B). All other groups showed no differenceas compared to untreated group. These data suggest that EBINdemonstrates anti-angiogenic properties and can be used to treatment ofpathological angiogenesis. Only treatment with taxol and EBIN at dose 5μM/kg body weight significantly reduced the number of vessel outside ofthe tumor.

Example 9 Determing the Efficacy of EBIN to Treat In Vivo Models ofLaser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)

Neovascular AMD is characterized by growth of the blood vessels from thechoroid, which penetrate through Bruch's membrane into the subretinalarea. The mouse model of laser-induced Choroidal neovascularization(CNV) is a well-established model of the exudative form of AMD. Thedisruption of Bruch's membrane by a laser beam promotes the growth ofnew choroidal vessels into the retina thus mimicking the pathologicalconditions of AMD (FIG. 9). This model has been successfully used inpredicting the clinical efficacy of VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD.

To assess the barrier-protective and anti-angiogenic activities of EBIN,EBIN is tested in murine models of CNV. In addition to treatment withEBIN, LEAF™ antibody (a monoclonal rat antibody against mouse VEGF-A)and control peptide (Myr-FAEIPTI), were used as positive and negativeexperimental controls, respectfully.

C57/BL6 mice (6-8 week old) were purchased from Charles River Laboratoryand used according to an approved protocol. Mice were anesthetized witha mixture of ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/5 mg/kg IP) and their pupils weredilated with a topical application of Cyclomydril (Alcon Laboratories,Fort Worth, Tex.). The fundus was viewed with an imaging camera, andlaser photocoagulation was induced using the image-guided laser system(Micron IV, Phoenix Research Laboratories, Pleasanton, Calif.). Fourlaser burns at equal distance from the optic nerve were induced one byone in right eye by a green Argon laser pulse with a wavelength of 532nm, a fixed diameter of 50 μm, duration of 70 ms, and power levels from210-250 mW. Appearance of bubble or a small subretinal hemorrhage(diameter <1 mm) at the laser spot serves to indicate rupture of theBruch's membrane and as confirmation of laser-induced CNV. Thisprocedure was performed only on the right eye of each mouse. Theschedule of laser-induced photocoagulation and treatment protocol isshown in FIG. 10. Treatment with control and EBIN peptides (1 μg/eye)and an antibody against mouse VEGF-A (2 μg/eye; LEAF™; Low Endotoxin,Azide-Free) were administrated once to the right eye via intravitrealinjection (2 μl) after the laser photocoagulation. The eyes were gentlyrinsed with sterile saline to remove the lubricating eye drops andtreated with an antibiotic ointment, erythromycin (Fougera, Melville,N.Y.). Mice were then placed on a pre-warmed warming plate at 35° C.after the laser treatment until they awakened. The EBIN anti-angiogenicefficacy was evaluated by ocular coherence tomography (OCT) at days 8and 15, angiogram was performed on day 15 only (FIG. 10). Fluoresceinangiography and OCT are performed for imaging the retinal vasculature,similar to the procedure routinely used clinically for patients. This isperformed via intravenous injection of 10 μl of 0.2% fluorescent dyethrough a tail vein of the mice. A sample size of 10 mice per treatmentgroup provides sufficient power to detect a hypothesized 10% differencein vascular leakage (lesson area) based on the parameters determined inGong et al., PLoS One 2015, 10(7): e 0132643.

Table 4 lists the ten treatment groups (n=10 CNV mice per treatmentgroup, 30 mice in total), drug regimen and intended endpoints formeasuring the response to treatment. Group 1 mice received Myr-controlpeptide, group 2 mice were treated with Myr-EBIN and group 3 mice weretreated with the LEAF™ antibody as a positive control. All treatmentsare delivered as a single injection at time of CNV via intravitrealroute as outlined in FIG. 10.

TABLE 4 Treatment groups, drug regimen and endpoint assays for measuringthe response to treatment of CNV in mice. Group N Drug Regimen Endpointassays 1 10 Myr-control peptide Intravitreal injection of 1 μg/ 1.Fluorescein (1 μg/eye) eye in 1 ul; on day 1 (at the angiography on day15 and time of CNV) OCT at days 8 and 15 2 10 Myr-EBIN intravitrealIntravitreal injection of 1 μg/ 2. Eye collection for (1 μg/eye) eye in1 ul; on day 1 (at the histopathologic time of CNV) examination on day15 3 10 LEAF ™ antibody Intravitreal injection of 2 μg/ eye in 1 ul(equivalent to 2.5 mg dose in human); on day 1 (at the time of CNV)Total 30

FIGS. 11a and 11b show images of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (a) andcorresponding Optical Coherence Tomography (b) at day 15 post laserphotocoagulation (numbers indicate corresponding CNV lesions) for EBIN,anti-VEGF antibody or control peptide treated CNV mice. EBIN reduced theCNV lesions similar to anti-VEGF treatment and hence, provides potentalternative to current treatment of eye disease such as maculardegeneration. The experiments were terminated at day 15, at which time,the animals were sacrificed with ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/5 mg/kg IP)followed by cervical dislocation and eye tissue was collected forimmunofluorescent staining and pathological analysis. The flat mountpreparations of retina/choroid/sclera were used for staining withAlexa594-labled lectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia (B4) forpost-mortem analysis of CNV area (FIG. 11c ).

Data analyses were performed using exclusion criteria established inprevious studies (Gong et al., PLoS One 2015, 10(7): e 0132643). Casesof severe hemorrhages, such as excessive laser burns that damage notonly Bruch's membrane but also the choroid and retinal pigmentepithelium, fused lesions, the lesion that more than 5 times larger thanthe mean of the lesions under the same experimental conditions, wereexcluded. The area of vascular leakage and CNV were quantified usingfluorescein angiography images and confocal images of CNV staining forlectin B4 using MetaMorph software. Data were plotted using Sigma Plotsoftware (FIGS. 11d and 11e ) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA using Prism6 (GraphPad, SanDiego, Calif.).

Further Studies

The treatment of mice with EBIN significantly reduced both the vascularleakage and CNV lesions compared with control peptide treated mice (FIG.11). The effect of EBIN was similar to LEAF™ treatment suggesting thatEBIN might provide a cost effective and efficient alternative tocurrently available anti-VEGF treatment of AMD such as bevacizumab andaflibercept.

Alternatively, EBIN is delivered via an eye drop route. In this case,the treatment starts at one day prior the laser photocoagulation andmice are treated twice daily until 15 days post-laser photocoagulation.The duration of treatment and observation is 15 days. In addition, EBINis delivered in combination with LEAF™ antibody via intravitrealinjection and/or via an eye drop route. In all cases the LEAF™ antibodyis administered via intravitreal injection. As described previously, theEBIN anti-angiogenic efficacy is evaluated by fluorescein angiographyand ocular coherence tomography (OCT) at 8 and 15 days postlaser-induced CNV. In addition, eye tissue is harvested on day 15.

Table 5 lists the ten treatment groups (n=10 CNV mice per treatmentgroup, 100 mice in total), drug regimen and intended endpoint assays formeasuring the response to treatment for future studies. Group 1 mice aretreated with the LEAF™ antibody as a positive control and group 2 micereceive LEAF™ Purified Rat IgG2a, κ Isotype Ctrl, as a control forgroup 1. Groups 3 and 4 are treated with a Decoy receptor for mouse VEGF(positive control 2) or negative Myr-control peptide, respectively. AllLEAF™ antibodies, the Decoy receptor and control peptide are deliveredas a single injection at time of CNV via intravitreal route. Groups 5and 6 receive Myr-EBIN via intravitreal route, 0.1 μg/eye or 1 μg/eye,respectively. Groups 7 and 8 receive Myr-EBIN via eye drops, 0.5 μg/eyeor 5 μg/eye, twice daily, respectively. Group 9 mice are treated withMyr-EBIN (0.1 μg/eye) in combination with LEAF™ antibody, both deliveredvia intravitreal route. Group 10 are treated with Myr-EBIN eye drops(0.5 μg/eye) in combination with LEAF™ antibody via intravitreal route.

TABLE 5 Future treatment groups, drug regimen and endpoint assays formeasuring the response to treatment of CNV in mice. Group N Drug RegimenEndpoint assays 1 10 LEAF ™ antibody Intravitreal injection of 2 1.Fluorescein μg/eye in 1 ul angiography on day 15 and (equivalent to 2.5mg dose in OCT at days 8 and 15 human); on day 1 (at the time 2. Eyecollection for of CNV) histopathologic 2 10 LEAF ™ Purified RatIntravitreal injection of 2 examination on day 15 IgG2a, κ Isotype Ctrlμg/eye in 1 ul (equivalent to 2.5 mg dose in human); on day 1 (at thetime of CNV) 3 10 Decoy receptor for Intravitreal injection of 2 mouseVEGF μg/eye in 1 ul on day 1 (at the time of CNV) 4 10 Myr-controlpeptide Intravitreal injection of 1 μg/ (1 μg/eye) eye in 1 ul; on day 1(at the time of CNV) 5 10 Myr-EBIN intravitreal Intravitreal injectionof 0.1 μg/ (0.1 μg/eye) eye in 1 ul; on day 1 (at the time of CNV) 6 10Myr-EBIN intravitreal Intravitreal injection of 1 μg/ (1 μg/eye) eye in1 ul; on day 1 (at the time of CNV) 7 10 Myr-EBIN eye drops Eye drops,0.5 μg/eye; twice (0.5 μg/eye) daily 8 10 Myr-EBIN eye drops Eye drops,5 μg/eye; twice (5 μg/eye) daily 9 10 Myr-EBIN intravitreal Group #1 incombination with (0.1 μg/eye) + group #5 LEAF ™ antibody intravitreal 1010 Myr-EBIN eye drops Group #1 in combination with (0.5 μg/eye) + group#7 LEAF ™ antibody intravitreal Total 100

Example 10 Acute Toxicity Testing of EBIN In Vivo

A short term study is designed to assess safety of administration invivo. C57BL/6 mice (n=10, 5 mice per group/treatment route) arerandomized and divided into two groups. The first group is treated withEBIN in the right eye via eye drops delivered twice daily, 5 μg per eye(10 μl) and, the second group is treated with intravitreal injection ofEBIN in the right eye at the maximum dose, 1 μg per eye (2 μl) on dayone. The intravitreal injection is performed under ketamine/xylazine(100 mg/5 mg/kg) anesthesia. Both groups are monitored daily for generalhealth including body weight as well as any eye abnormalities includingopacity, exophthalmia enophthalmia, conjunctivitis, abnormal secretionsor crusting, and corneal ulcers for a period of 8 days. Animals aresubsequently subjected to fluorescein angiography and OCT imaging. Notoxicity was observed following treatment with EBIN, either with orwithout CNV induction (FIG. 12).

What is claimed:
 1. A method of treating cancer comprising administeringto a patient in need thereof an isolated peptide comprising the aminoacid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT (SEQ ID NO:1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3).2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cancer is a brain tumor,meningioma, glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, cerebellarastrocytoma, high-grade astrocytoma, low-grade astrocytoma, glioma,brain stem glioma, oligodendroglioma, mixed glioma, cerebralneuroblastoma, craniopharyngioma, diencephalic glioma, germinoma,medulloblastoma, ependymoma, choroid plexus tumor, pineal parenchymaltumor, ganglioglioma, neuroepithelial tumor, neuronal glial tumor, mixedneuronal glial tumor, lung tumor, small cell carcinoma, epidermoidcarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumor,bronchial gland tumor, mesothelioma, sarcoma, mixed tumor, prostatecancer, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinomaof the prostatic utricle, carcinosarcoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer,intestinal cancer, colon cancer, invasive ductal carcinoma, infiltratinglobular carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma,ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, colloid carcinoma,Paget's disease of the nipple, skin cancer, melanoma, squamous cellcarcinoma, tumor progression of human skin keratinocytes, basal cellcarcinoma, hemangiopericytoma, Karposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, Hodgkin'sdisease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcomaand fibrosarcoma.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the peptide is linkedto a carrier peptide.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the carrierpeptide is antennapedia peptide (AP), antennapedia peptide, penetratinpeptide, TAT, transportan or polyarginine.
 5. The method of claim 1wherein the peptide is conjugated to a fatty acid.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the peptide is myristoylated.
 7. The method of claim 1wherein the peptide is administered with a cancer therapy, antitumoragent or chemotherapeutic agent.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thecancer therapy, antitumor agent or chemotherapeutic agent is anaromatase inhibitor, an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen, a gonadorelinagonist, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, amicrotubule active agent, an alkylating agent, a retinoid, a carotenoid,a tocopherol, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, an MMP inhibitor, a mTORinhibitor, an antimetabolite, a platin compound, a methionineaminopeptidase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, an antiproliferativeantibody, a heparanase inhibitor, an inhibitor of Ras oncogenicisoforms, a telomerase inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, a compoundused in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, a Flt-3 inhibitor, anHsp90 inhibitor, a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor, a MEK inhibitor,an antitumor antibiotic, a nitrosourea, a compound decreasing proteinactivity, a compound decreasing lipid phosphatase activity, ananti-angiogenic compound, azacitidine, axathioprine, bevacizumab,bleomycin, capecitabine, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin,cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxifluridine,doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fluorouracil, gemcitabine,herceptin, idarubicin, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine,methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, tafluprosttafluposide, teniposide, tioguanine, retinoic acid, valrubicin,vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, receptor tyrosinekinase inhibitors and combinations thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the peptide is administered by injection, infusion, topicaladministration or ocular administration.
 10. A method of inhibitingtumor growth comprising administering to a patient in need thereof anisolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of KFARLWTEIPTAIT(SEQ ID NO:1), FTEIPTI (SEQ ID NO: 3).
 11. The method of claim 10wherein the tumor is a brain tumor, meningioma, glioblastoma multiforme,anaplastic astrocytoma, cerebellar astrocytoma, high-grade astrocytoma,low-grade astrocytoma, glioma, brain stem glioma, oligodendroglioma,mixed glioma, cerebral neuroblastoma, craniopharyngioma, diencephalicglioma, germinoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma. choroid plexus tumor,pineal parenchymal tumor, ganglioglioma, neuroepithelial tumor, neuronalglial tumor, mixed neuronal glial tumor, lung tumor, small cellcarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma,carcinoid tumor, bronchial gland tumor, mesothelioma, sarcoma, mixedtumor, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cellcarcinoma, carcinoma of the prostatic utricle, carcinosarcoma, breastcancer, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, colon cancer, invasive ductalcarcinoma, infiltrating lobular carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma,medullary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma insitu, colloid carcinoma, Paget's disease of the nipple, skin cancer,melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, tumor progression of human skinkeratinocytes, basal cell carcinoma, hemangiopericytoma, Karposi'ssarcoma, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma,osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and fibrosarcoma.
 12. The method of claim10 wherein the peptide is linked to a carrier peptide.
 13. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the carrier peptide is antennapedia peptide (AP),antennapedia peptide, penetratin peptide, TAT, transportantranportan orpolyarginine.
 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the peptide isconjugated to a fatty acid.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein thepeptide is myristoylated.
 16. The method of claim 10 wherein the peptideis administered with a cancer therapy, antitumor agent orchemotherapeutic agent.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cancertherapy, antitumor agent or chemotherapeutic agent is an aromataseinhibitor, an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen, a gonadorelin agonist, atopoisomerase I inhibitor, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, a microtubuleactive agent, an alkylating agent, a retinoid, a carotenoid, atocopherol, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, an MMP inhibitor, a mTORinhibitor, an antimetabolite, a platin compound, a methionineaminopeptidase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, an antiproliferativeantibody, a heparanase inhibitor, an inhibitor of Ras oncogenicisoforms, a telomerase inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, a compoundused in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, a Flt-3 inhibitor, anHsp90 inhibitor, a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor, a MEK inhibitor,an antitumor antibiotic, a nitrosourea, a compound decreasing proteinactivity, a compound decreasing lipid phosphatase activity, ananti-angiogenic compound, azacitidine, axathioprine, bevacizumab,bleomycin, capecitabine, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin,cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxifluridine,doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fluorouracil, gemcitabine,herceptin, idarubicin, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine,methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, tafluprosttafluposide, teniposide, tioguanine, retinoic acid, valrubicin,vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, receptor tyrosinekinase inhibitors and combinations thereof.
 18. The method of claim 10,wherein the peptide is administered by injection, infusion, topicaladministration or ocular administration.